Public Theology in Forum: Science, Civil Society, Life-World

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Public Theology in Science–Religion Dialogue

content6462 2026. 2. 20. 07:22

Autopoiesis, Epigenetic Ontology, and the Politics of Divine Action:

Public Theology in Science–Religion Dialogue

Paul S. Chung

 

Abstract

This paper explores the intersection of science, religion, society, and ecology through an interdisciplinary framework that examines how human beings evolve and navigate the world as autopoietic selves in their cultural and religious quest for meaning. This structural‑theoretical approach highlights the relevance of epigenetics in the age of the Anthropocene, while also engaging bio‑sociological analyses of biopower and advancing a proleptic ethics of collective responsibility. The proposed structural theory critically engages the limitations of process metaphysics and contributes to a public theology of science, selfhood, agency, and justice oriented toward the common good.

 

자가생성, 후성유전학 존재론, 그리고 신적 행동의 정치학:

과학–종교 대화 간 공공신학

 

 초록

논문은 인간이 문화적· 종교적 의미를 추구하는 과정에서 자가생성적(autopoietic) 주체로서 세계를 진화하며 살아가는 방식을 탐구하기 위해, 과학· 종교· 사회· 생태의 교차 지점을 다루는 학제적 분석의 틀을 제시한다. 이러한 구조이론적 접근은 인류세 (Anthropocene) 시대에서 후성 유전학 (epigenetics) 중요성을 부각시키는 동시에, 생권력(biopower) 대한 생태사회학적 분석을 수용하고, 공동 책임의 선취적(proleptic) 윤리를 발전시킨다. 제안된 구조 이론은 과정 존재론의 한계를 비판적으로 성찰하고, 과학· 자기성· 행위성· 정의를 아우르는 공공신학에 기여함으로써 공공선을 지향하는 새로운 신학적 담론을 제시한다.

 

A Holistic Approach to Evolution

The year 2024 brought significant discoveries in human evolution, offering fresh insights into our origins and our connections with both living and extinct evolutionary relatives. Understanding the emergence of genetic and neurological diversity requires a holistic research approach—one that probes the human condition while illuminating the interactions among early humans, Neanderthals, Denisovans, and modern Homo sapiens. These findings reveal the complex relationships and interbreeding events among hominins that unfolded over the course of more than a million years.[1] 

 

진화에 대한 총체적 접근

2024년은 인간 진화 연구에서 중요한 발견들이 이루어진 해로서, 우리의 기원과 현생 인류뿐 아니라 멸종한 진화의 친족들과의 관계에 대해 새로운 통찰을 제공했다. 유전적·신경학적 다양성이 어떻게 출현했는지를 이해하기 위해서는, 초기 인류와 네안데르탈인, 데니소바인, 그리고 현대 호모 사피엔스 사이의 상호작용을 조명하면서 인간 조건을 탐구하는 총체적 연구 접근이 필요하다. 이러한 연구 성과들은 백만 년이 넘는 시간에 걸쳐 전개된 다양한 호미닌 집단 간의 복잡한 관계와 교배 사건들을 드러낸.

 

A holistic approach to the evolutionary history of interactions offers valuable insight into punctuated equilibrium theory as it applies to cellular and organismal development. This perspective integrates conserved core processes with facilitated variation in somatic adaptability, emphasizing the dynamic interplay between organisms and their environments. It also synthesizes the concept of autopoiesis in living systems with their inherent evolvability, underscoring their co-constitutive nature.

Cells—the smallest units of life—are thermodynamically open systems, continuously exchanging energy and matter with their surroundings. As open systems, they require a constant energy source, typically sustained by highly exergonic reactions that release free energy. In this way, cells embody dissipative structures capable of self-reproduction, growth, and differentiation through self-organizing mechanisms such as replication, transcription, and translation. These processes enable protein synthesis, establishing the molecular foundation of life.[2]

 

진화의 상호작용사를 총체적으로 접근하는 관점은 세포 개체 발달에 적용되는 단속평형설(punctuated equilibrium) 이해하는 중요한 통찰을 제공한다. 이러한 관점은 보존된 핵심 과정들과 체세포 적응성을 가능하게 하는 촉진된 변이(facilitated variation) 통합하며, 유기체와 환경 사이의 역동적 상호작용을 강조한다. 또한 생명 시스템의 자가생성(autopoiesis) 개념을 고유한 진화 가능성(evolvability) 결합하여, 양자가 서로를 공동구성(co‑constitutive)한다는 점을 부각한다.

세포는 생명의 최소 단위로서 열역학적으로 열린 체계이며, 주변 환경과 지속적으로 에너지와 물질을 교환한다. 이러한 열린 체계로서 세포는 지속적인 에너지 공급을 필요로 하며, 이는 일반적으로 자유에너지를 방출하는 고발열(exergonic) 반응들에 의해 유지된다. 이와 같은 방식으로 세포는 자기 재생산, 성장, 분화를 가능하게 하는 복제(replication), 전사(transcription), 번역(translation) 같은 자기 조직화(self‑organizing) 메커니즘을 통해 작동하는 소산 구조(dissipative structures) 구현한다. 이러한 과정들은 단백질 합성을 가능하게 하여 생명의 분자적 기반을 형성한다.

 

The concept of dissipative structures was introduced by Ilya Prigogine, Nobel Prize laureate in Chemistry (1977), who advanced a transformative understanding of life as emerging under far‑from‑equilibrium conditions. His framework emphasizes the roles of complexity, self‑organization, and intrinsic creativity in the evolution of living systems. Dissipative structures—emergent configurations formed through the continuous exchange of energy and matter—demonstrate how dissipative processes can generate order and coherence. Prigogine’s insight underscores the constructive potential of thermodynamic instability in shaping the dynamic architecture of life.[3]

This epistemological perspective stands in contrast to the central dogma of molecular biology, formulated by Francis Crick and James Watson, which posits a linear flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein. While foundational, this model tends to oversimplify the intricate cellular networks, regulatory complexity, and feedback mechanisms that are essential to the self‑referential nature of living systems.[4] 

Edward O. Wilson, a prominent advocate of gene‑deterministic theories of life, famously asserted that “The genes hold culture on a leash. The leash is very long…”[5] This statement encapsulates Wilson’s view that genetic inheritance exerts a foundational influence on cultural development. His framework reflects an ultra‑Darwinian fundamentalism, positioning genes in the driver’s seat—dictating physiological traits and shaping phenotypic variation.

By contrast, the scientific theory of autopoiesis operates within self‑referential networks and embodied processes, whereby the organism actively brings forth its own world. Life is co‑constituted within the organism’s own context and through its evolutionary history of interactions with other organisms and the environment via structural coupling. This perspective emphasizes the dynamic interplay between internal regulation and external engagement, underscoring how living systems continuously shape—and are simultaneously shaped by—their relational and ecological embeddedness.[6]  

 

화학 분야 노벨상(1977) 수상자인 일리야 프리고진(Ilya Prigogine)은 소산 구조(dissipative structures) 개념을 도입하고, 생명이 비평형(far‑from‑equilibrium) 조건에서 출현한다는 변혁적 이해를 제시했다. 그의 이론적 틀은 생명 시스템의 진화에서 복잡성, 자기조직화, 내재적 창발성(creativity)이 수행하는 핵심적 역할을 강조한다. 소산 구조는 에너지와 물질의 지속적 교환을 통해 형성되는 창발적 구성체로서, 소산 과정이 어떻게 질서와 일관성을 생성할 수 있는지를 보여준다. 프리고진의 통찰은 생명의 역동적 구조를 형성하는 데 있어서 열역학적 불안정성의 생산적 잠재력을 부각시킨다.[3]
이러한 인식론적 관점은 프랜시스 크릭과 제임스 왓슨이 정립한 분자생물학의 중심 교리(central dogma)—DNA에서 RNA, 그리고 단백질로 이어지는 선형적 정보 흐름—와 대조된다. 중심 교리는 생물학의 기초를 이루지만, 세포 내 복잡한 네트워크, 정교한 조절 체계, 그리고 피드백 메커니즘을 지나치게 단순화하는 경향이 있다. 이러한 요소들은 살아 있는 시스템의 자기참조적(self‑referential) 특성을 구성하는 데 필수적이다.[4]
유전자 결정론적 생명을 강하게 옹호한 에드워드 O. 윌슨(Edward O. Wilson)은 “유전자는 문화를 긴 끈으로 묶어둔다. 그 끈은 매우 길지만…”[5]이라고 말한 바 있다. 이 발언은 문화의 발달이 근본적으로 유전적 유산에 의해 규정된다는 그의 견해를 요약한다. 그의 이론적 틀은 초(超)다윈주의적 근본주의를 반영하며, 유전자를 생명 과정의 ‘운전석’에 두어 생리적 특성과 표현형 변이를 결정하는 주도적 요인으로 간주한다.
반면, 자가생성(autopoiesis)의 과학적 이론은 자기참조적 네트워크와 체화된 과정(embodied processes) 속에서 작동한다. 이 관점에서 유기체는 외부 세계의 수동적 수용자가 아니라, 자신의 세계를 능동적으로 산출하는 존재이다. 생명은 유기체 고유의 맥락 속에서, 그리고 다른 유기체 및 환경과의 상호작용이 축적된 진화의 역사에서 구조적 결합(structural coupling)을 통해 공동‑구성된다. 이 관점은 내부 조절과 외부 환경과의 상호작용 사이의 역동적 상호작용을 강조하며, 살아 있는 시스템이 관계적·생태적 내재성 속에서 세계를 형성하는 동시에 그 세계에 의해 형성된다는 점을 부각한다.[6]

 

Self‑Circularity and Chromatin Restructuring

A living system operates within a self‑referential network characterized by circularity and sustained by exergonic metabolism. This metabolic activity involves catabolic pathways that break down complex molecules into simpler components, releasing free energy through the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP‑dependent chromatin remodelers harness this energy—derived from the cleavage of high‑energy phosphate bonds—to drive mechanical actions such as moving, sliding, or evicting nucleosomes. These repositioning activities expose or conceal specific DNA sequences, thereby enabling compositional changes through nucleosome manipulation and making genetic code accessible for RNA transcription.

DNA is organized within the chromatin fiber, which plays a crucial role in transducing epigenetic information into regulatory processes. These processes indirectly influence transcription, replication, and DNA repair, and in specialized cases can even lead to alterations in the DNA sequence itself. Chromatin thus functions as a dynamic interface between genetic material and cellular activity, reinforcing the self‑organizing and adaptive nature of living systems.[7]

 

자기‑순환성과 크로마틴 재구조화
생명 시스템은 자기‑지시적(self‑referential) 네트워크 안에서 순환성을 바탕으로 작동하며, 이는 발열성(exergonic) 대사 활동에 의해 지속적으로 유지된다. 이러한 대사 활동은 복잡한 분자를 더 단순한 구성 요소로 분해하면서 아데노신 삼인산(ATP)의 가수분해를 통해 자유 에너지를 방출하는 이화 경로(catabolic pathways)를 포함한다. ATP 의존적 크로마틴 리모델러는 고에너지 인산 결합의 절단에서 유래한 이 에너지를 활용하여 뉴클레오솜을 이동·슬라이딩·제거하는 등의 기계적 작용을 수행한다. 이러한 재배치 활동은 특정 DNA 서열을 노출하거나 차단함으로써 뉴클레오솜 조작을 통한 구성적 변화를 가능하게 하고, 유전 암호가 RNA 전사를 위해 접근 가능하도록 만든다.
DNA는 크로마틴 섬유 내에 조직되어 있으며, 이는 후성적(epigenetic) 정보를 조절 과정으로 변환하는 데 핵심적인 역할을 한다. 이러한 과정은 전사, 복제, 손상입은 DNA 회복에 간접적으로 영향을 미치며, 특수한 경우에는 DNA 서열 자체의 변화로 이어질 수도 있다. 따라서 크로마틴은 유전 물질과 세포 활동 사이의 역동적 매개면으로 기능하며, 생명 시스템의 자기‑조직적이고 적응적인 성격을 강화한다.[7]

 

Epigenetics and Chromatin Biology

Within chromatin biology, epigenetics refers to the study of how gene expression is regulated at the chromatin level—particularly through histone modifications—without altering the underlying DNA sequence. The term epigenetics was introduced by embryologist and developmental biologist C. H. Waddington (1905–1975) to describe regulatory mechanisms that operate “above” (epi) the level of genes during organismal development.

ATP‑dependent protein complexes facilitate chromatin remodeling by repositioning nucleosomes—histone octamers wrapped with DNA—along the DNA strand. Each nucleosome represents a single repeat unit, composed of eight histone proteins and approximately 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped around them in two left‑handed turns. The histone octamer consists of two copies each of histones H3 and H4, and histones H2A and H2B, forming a highly organized structure essential for chromatin compaction and gene regulation.[8]

Recent research identifies two primary epigenetic mechanisms: DNA methylation and the modulation of chromatin structure via histone modifications. Molecules such as methyl groups can be attached to DNA through histone tails, forming epigenetic tags that reduce transcriptional activity. Regulation occurs through covalent modifications to histones—for example, acetylation generally enhances accessibility for transcription, while methylation often represses gene expression. Depending on the site and context, methylation can compact nucleosome structure, leading to gene silencing.

Experiential factors—including environmental toxins, maternal behavior, psychological or physical stress, learning, drug exposure, or psychotrauma—can actively influence the chemical and three‑dimensional structure of DNA paired with complementary bases (A with T, and G with C) within the central nervous system (CNS). Epigenetic mechanisms in the CNS shape gene expression patterns that contribute to neural plasticity, behavior, and long‑term physiological outcomes.[9]

The neuron-specific BAF (nBAF) complex is an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler that plays a critical role in neuronal function, development and plasticity such as dendritic morphogenesis and synaptogenesis. This remodeling activity on the nucleosome manipulation influences neuronal processes such as cell cycle progression, axonal guidance, dendritic branching, and the formation of chemical synapses—mechanisms that underpin long-term memory and learning. The nBAF complex enables transcriptional responses to both nuclear and synaptic signals, integrating intracellular signaling pathways to support dynamic gene regulation.

Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone acetylation, are fundamental to synaptic plasticity—the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time. This plasticity is essential for the formation and consolidation of long-term memory. Together, chromatin remodeling and epigenetic regulation orchestrate gene expression patterns that are vital to cognitive brain function, highlighting the intricate molecular interplay that supports learning, memory, and neural adaptability.[10]

Evolutionary change in living systems can be understood as a consequence of their circular organization, which ensures the maintenance of fundamental self-referential processes. From this perspective, I argue that the cellular network “holds the genes on a leash,” effectively reversing the traditional one-way flow of genetic determinism.

 

후성유전학과 크로마틴 생물학
크로마틴 생물학의 맥락에서 후성유전학(epigenetics)은 DNA 염기서열 자체를 변경하지 않으면서, 특히 히스톤 수정을 통해 크로마틴 수준에서 유전자 발현이 어떻게 조절되는지를 연구하는 분야를 의미한다. 후성유전학이라는 용어는 발생학자이자 발달생물학자인 C. H. 와딩턴(1905–1975)이 유기체 발달 과정에서 유전자 수준 “위에서”(epi) 작동하는 조절 메커니즘을 설명하기 위해 도입한 것이다.
ATP 의존적 단백질 복합체는 뉴클레오솜—DNA가 감겨 있는 히스톤 옥타머—을 DNA 가닥을 따라 재배치함으로써 크로마틴 리모델링을 촉진한다. 각 뉴클레오솜은 하나의 반복 단위로, 여덟 개의 히스톤 단백질과 약 146 염기쌍의 DNA가 두 번의 왼손 나선으로 감겨 구성된다. 히스톤 옥타머는 H3와 H4 히스톤 각각 두 개, 그리고 H2A와 H2B 히스톤 각각 두 개로 이루어져 있으며, 이는 크로마틴 압축과 유전자 조절에 필수적인 고도로 조직화된 구조를 형성한다.[8]
최근 연구는 두 가지 주요 후성유전적 메커니즘을 제시한다. 첫째는 DNA 메틸화이며, 둘째는 히스톤 수정을 통한 크로마틴 구조의 조절이다. 메틸기와 같은 분자는 히스톤 꼬리를 통해 DNA에 부착되어 전사 활동을 감소시키는 후성유전적 표지를 형성할 수 있다. 조절은 히스톤의 공유적 변형을 통해 이루어지는데, 예를 들어 아세틸화는 일반적으로 전사 접근성을 높이는 반면, 메틸화는 종종 유전자 발현을 억제한다. 메틸화는 위치와 맥락에 따라 뉴클레오솜 구조를 더욱 조밀하게 만들어 유전자 침묵을 유도할 수 있다.
환경 독소, 모성 행동, 심리적·신체적 스트레스, 학습, 약물 노출, 심리적 외상 등 경험적 요인들은 중추신경계(CNS) 내에서 상보적 염기쌍(A–T, G–C)으로 구성된 DNA의 화학적·3차원적 구조에 능동적으로 영향을 미칠 수 있다. CNS의 후성유전적 메커니즘은 신경 가소성, 행동, 장기적 생리적 결과에 기여하는 유전자 발현 패턴을 형성한다.[9]
뉴런 특이적 BAF(nBAF) 복합체는 ATP 의존적 크로마틴 리모델러로서, 신경 기능, 발달, 가소성—예컨대 수상돌기 형태형성(dendritic morphogenesis)과 시냅스 발생(synaptogenesis)—에 중요한 역할을 한다. 이러한 뉴클레오솜 조작 기반의 리모델링 활동은 세포 주기 진행, 축삭 안내, 수상돌기 분지, 화학적 시냅스 형성과 같은 신경 과정에 영향을 미치며, 이는 장기 기억과 학습을 뒷받침하는 핵심 메커니즘이다. nBAF 복합체는 핵 신호와 시냅스 신호 모두에 대한 전사적 반응을 가능하게 하여, 세포 내 신호 전달 경로를 통합하고 역동적인 유전자 조절을 지원한다.
DNA 메틸화와 히스톤 아세틸화를 포함한 후성유전적 메커니즘은 시냅스 가소성—시간에 따라 시냅스가 강화되거나 약화되는 능력—의 기초를 이룬다. 이러한 가소성은 장기 기억의 형성과 공고화에 필수적이다. 크로마틴 리모델링과 후성유전적 조절은 함께 학습, 기억, 신경 적응성을 지탱하는 유전자 발현 패턴을 정교하게 조율하며, 인지적 뇌 기능을 가능하게 하는 복잡한 분자적 상호작용을 보여준다.[10]
생명 시스템의 진화적 변화는 근본적인 자기‑지시적 과정을 유지하는 순환적 조직의 결과로 이해될 수 있다. 이러한 관점에서 나는 세포 네트워크가 “유전자를 목줄에 매어 두고 있다”고 주장하며, 이는 전통적인 일방향적 유전 결정론을 사실상 뒤집는 것이다.

 

Punctuated Cellular Theory: Conserved Core Processes and Autopoiesis

In exploring the relationship between living systems and dissipative structures, I seek to redefine the autopoietic network through the lens of a structural theory of conserved core processes—specifically examining how chromatin‑regulating structures function analogously to downward causation in the cellular life processes of organisms.

This approach addresses certain limitations in the systems theory of German sociologist Niklas Luhmann, which is framed within the autopoietic principle of cybernetics and its emphasis on self‑referential communication and functional differentiation. Luhmann’s model focuses primarily on the distinction between system and environment, along with a theory of system differentiation as unity (unitas multiplex). However, it does not incorporate Francisco Valera’s embodied mind and the project of bring forth a meaningful life, as well as epigenetic factors that permeate biological life, leaving unexplored the dynamic interplay between molecular regulation and systemic organization.[11]

 

단속평형적 세포 이론: 보존된 핵심 과정과 오토포이에시스
생명 시스템과 소산 구조(dissipative structures)의 관계를 탐구하면서, 나는 보존된 핵심 과정에 대한 구조 이론의 관점에서 오토포이에틱 네트워크를 재정의하고자 한다. 특히 크로마틴을 조절하는 구조들이 유기체의 세포적 생명 과정에서 하향 인과성(downward causation)과 유사하게 어떻게 기능하는지를 분석한다.
이러한 접근은 독일 사회학자 니클라스 루만의 체계 이론이 지닌 몇 가지 한계를 보완한다. 루만의 이론은 사이버네틱스의 오토포이에틱 원리에 기반하여 자기‑지시적 의사소통과 기능적 분화를 강조했다. 그의 모델은 주로 체계와 환경의 구분, 그리고 통일성으로서의 체계 분화 이론(unitas multiplex)에 초점을 둔다. 그러나 프란시스코 바렐라가 제시한 체화된 마음(embodied mind)과 ‘의미 있는 삶을 산출해내는’ 생명 프로젝트, 그리고 생물학적 삶 전반에 스며 있는 후성유전적 요인들을 통합하지 못한다. 그 결과 분자적 조절과 체계적 조직 사이의 역동적 상호작용이 충분히 탐구되지 않은 채 남아 있다.[11]

 

Chromatin Restructure: Conserved Core Processes and Facilitated Variation

Luhmann’s systems theory, while influential, ultimately undermines autopoietic embodiment. It fails to account for the emergence of new life within dissipative structures and for ethical transformation as essential dimensions of bringing forth the world. Both are crucial within a structural theory of systems biology that recognizes the significance of dissipative structures and the network thinking of autopoiesis in shaping and transforming the structural‑systemic formation of sociocultural life and its intersubjective implications.

In fact, leading American systems biologists Marc Kirschner (Harvard Medical School) and John Gerhart (UC Berkeley) argue that cellular life comprises hundreds of conserved core processes that organize cellular architecture. Their theory is framed within the concept of punctuated equilibrium, wherein long periods of evolutionary stasis are interrupted by short bursts of innovation. In this model, cellular innovation is marked by both the conservation and diversification of organismal structures, behaviors, and somatic adaptability.

The core processes function as a kind of deep structure, remaining relatively stable across evolutionary time and representing the “equilibrium” or “stasis” phases of development.

Kirschner and Gerhart emphasize that evolution does not require new genes for every new trait. Instead, organisms evolve by reusing conserved core processes through weak and indirect regulatory connections. For example, DNA‑binding proteins such as histones help organize chromosomes, while DNA polymerase is essential for replication, repair, and recombination. These regulatory linkages often operate through feedback loops, where conserved processes interact with metabolic networks in various combinations to generate diversification. Enzyme adaptation, in this context, refers to the regulated synthesis of enzymes, which depends on the transcription of RNA from DNA.

An enzyme is a biological catalyst—typically a protein—that accelerates chemical reactions in living organisms. Each enzyme contains an active site where the substrate binds, undergoes transformation, and is released as product. Some enzymes metabolize sugars by breaking them into smaller, energy‑yielding molecules. In signal transduction, a metabolic signal can be converted into a different type of regulatory signal, such as a protein binding to DNA. At multiple steps—between sugar and insulin, and between insulin and tissue responses—these linkages mediate complex regulatory effects.

Through “enzyme adaptation,” regulatory processes also involve allosteric sites, which are distinct from the active site and allow feedback inhibition or activation. Dynamic allostery enables enzymes to function across diverse environments by fine‑tuning conformational changes in response to physiological demands. Within the cellular network, such linkages emerge through evolution as individual core processes are assembled into biological mechanisms that ultimately contribute to adaptive, including psychological, responses.

Novel deployments of cellular behaviors give rise to new phenotypes through weak and indirect regulatory linkages—where a regulatory signal disrupts the inhibited state of a core process—thereby enabling facilitated variation. Through such signaling and neural pathways, the theory of facilitated variation suggests that an organisms conserved core processes are structurally predisposed to bias or guide phenotypic changes, generating viable and adaptive novelty in response to environmental interactions. These conserved components and processes are organized into functional pathways, including metabolic circuits, in which even the enzymes involved in metabolism serve as integral elements of the core processes.[12]

A structure‑oriented theory of facilitated variation and innovation does not necessarily contradict the autopoietic model of self‑referential circularity in input–output relationships and structural coupling throughout the evolutionary history of interaction and co‑constitution. Rather, it demonstrates how an autopoietic system can generate novel, heritable phenotypic variations and drive transformations that enable organisms to survive, adapt, and diversify over evolutionary time.

Chromatin remodeling represents a conserved core process involving the alteration of chromatin structure to regulate fundamental cellular functions—such as gene expression, DNA replication, RNA transcription and translation (protein synthesis), and cell division. Chromatin remodeling operates in concert with post‑translational modifications (PTMs), which play a critical role in DNA repair by recruiting and activating repair proteins while modifying chromatin architecture.

These conserved processes, embedded within a self‑referential system, exemplify the coordination between structural and systemic levels, implying a degree of unpredictability, creativity, and autonomy. Such qualities resonate with the input–output dynamics observed in neuronal synapses, where signaling, transmission, and communication unfold across complex networks of interaction.

This orchestration is integrated with evolvability—that is, life’s intrinsic orientation toward adaptive change through interaction with the environment—ultimately leading to innovations that construct new modes of living. In this context, a structural theory of chromatin remodeling can be understood as a form of non‑reductive physicalism, framed through the lens of autopoietic supervenience.[13]

Chromatin remodeling exemplifies how downward causality can emerge from within a self‑organizing network, enabling the system to bring forth a meaningful world. This perspective emphasizes the dynamic interplay between conserved core processes, facilitated variation, and emergent regulatory structures, where meaning and function arise through recursive, embodied interaction. It underscores the active participation of each component within a network of interactions, ultimately shaping a holistic understanding of downward causation and supervenience.

 

크로마틴 재구조화: 보존 핵심 과정과 촉진된 변이
루만의 체계 이론은 영향력이 크지만, 궁극적으로 오토포이에틱 체화(embodiment)를 약화시키는 측면이 있다. 그의 이론은 소산 구조(dissipative structures) 안에서 새로운 생명이 어떻게 출현하는지, 그리고 세계를 ‘산출해내는’ 과정에서 윤리적 변혁이 필수적이라는 점을 설명하지 못한다. 그러나 이러한 요소들은 소산 구조의 중요성과 오토포이에시스의 네트워크적 사고가 사회문화적 삶의 구조‑체계적 형성과 그 상호주관적 함의를 어떻게 구성하고 변형시키는지를 이해하는 데 핵심적이다.
실제로 미국의 대표적 시스템 생물학자 마크 커쉬너(하버드 의대)와 존 게르하트(UC 버클리)는 세포적 삶이 세포 구조를 조직하는 수백 개의 보존된 핵심 과정으로 이루어져 있다고 주장한다. 그들의 이론은 단속평형(punctuated equilibrium) 개념에 기초하며, 이는 긴 진화적 정체기(stasis)가 짧은 혁신의 폭발로 중단되는 패턴을 의미한다. 이 모델에서 세포적 혁신은 유기체의 구조, 행동, 체성적 적응성의 보존과 다양화가 동시에 나타나는 현상으로 특징지어진다.
핵심 과정들은 일종의 심층 구조로 기능하며, 진화적 시간 속에서 비교적 안정적으로 유지되며 발달의 ‘평형’ 또는 ‘정체기’를 구성한다. 커쉬너와 게하르트는 진화가 새로운 형질마다 새로운 유전자를 요구하지 않는다고 강조한다. 오히려 유기체는 보존된 핵심 과정을 약하고 간접적인 조절 연결을 통해 재사용함으로써 진화한다. 예를 들어, 히스톤과 같은 DNA 결합 단백질은 염색체를 조직하는 데 기여하며, DNA 중합효소는 복제, 수선, 재조합에 필수적이다. 이러한 조절 연결은 종종 피드백 루프를 통해 작동하며, 보존된 과정들이 대사 네트워크와 다양한 조합으로 상호작용하여 다양화를 생성한다. 이 맥락에서 ‘효소 적응(enzyme adaptation)’은 RNA 전사에 의존하는 효소의 조절된 합성을 의미한다.
효소는 생명체 내 화학 반응을 가속하는 생물학적 촉매로, 일반적으로 단백질이다. 각 효소는 기질이 결합하고 변형된 후 생성물이 방출되는 활성 부위를 갖는다. 일부 효소는 당을 더 작은 에너지 생성 분자로 분해한다. 신호 전달에서 대사 신호는 DNA에 결합하는 단백질과 같은 다른 유형의 조절 신호로 전환될 수 있다. 당과 인슐린 사이, 그리고 인슐린과 조직 반응 사이의 여러 단계에서 이러한 연결은 복잡한 조절 효과를 매개한다.
‘효소 적응’을 통해 조절 과정은 활성 부위와 구별되는 알로스테릭 부위를 포함하며, 이는 피드백 억제 또는 활성화를 가능하게 한다. 역동적 알로스테리는 생리적 요구에 따라 효소의 구조 변화를 미세 조정함으로써 다양한 환경에서 효소가 기능하도록 한다. 세포 네트워크 내에서 이러한 연결은 진화를 통해 나타나며, 개별 핵심 과정들이 생물학적 메커니즘으로 조립되어 궁극적으로 적응적—심리적 반응을 포함한—반응에 기여한다.
세포 행동의 새로운 배치는 약하고 간접적인 조절 연결을 통해 새로운 표현형을 생성한다. 즉, 조절 신호가 핵심 과정의 억제 상태를 해제하여 촉진된 변이를 가능하게 한다. 이러한 신호 및 신경 경로를 통해 촉진된 변이 이론은 유기체의 보존된 핵심 과정들이 환경과의 상호작용에 대응하여 표현형 변화를 편향하거나 안내하도록 구조적으로 성향을 지니고 있음을 보여준다. 이러한 보존된 구성 요소와 과정들은 대사 회로를 포함한 기능적 경로로 조직되며, 대사에 관여하는 효소들조차 핵심 과정의 필수 요소로 작용한다.[12]
구조 지향적 촉진된 변이와 혁신 이론은 진화적 상호작용과 공동 구성의 역사 속에서 입력–출력 관계와 구조적 결합을 특징짓는 오토포이에틱 모델과 반드시 충돌하지 않는다. 오히려 오토포이에틱 시스템이 새로운 유전 가능한 표현형 변이를 생성하고, 유기체가 진화적 시간 속에서 생존·적응·다양화를 가능하게 하는 변형을 이끌어낼 수 있음을 보여준다.
크로마틴 리모델링은 유전자 발현, DNA 복제, RNA 전사 및 번역(단백질 합성), 세포 분열과 같은 기본적 세포 기능을 조절하기 위해 크로마틴 구조를 변화시키는 보존된 핵심 과정이다. 크로마틴 리모델링은 번역 후 수정(PTMs)과 함께 작동하며, 이는 DNA 수선에서 수선 단백질을 모집하고 활성화하며 크로마틴 구조를 조정하는 데 중요한 역할을 한다.
이러한 보존된 과정들은 자기‑지시적 시스템 안에 내재되어 있으며, 구조적 수준과 체계적 수준 사이의 조정을 보여준다. 이는 일정한 예측 불가능성, 창발성, 자율성을 함의하며, 신경 시냅스에서 관찰되는 입력–출력의 역학과도 공명한다. 이는 시냅스에서 신호, 전달, 소통이 복잡한 상호작용 네트워크를 따라 전개되는 것과 유사하다.
이러한 조율은 진화 가능성(evolvability)—즉, 환경과의 상호작용을 통해 적응적 변화를 향해 나아가는 생명의 내재적 성향—과 통합되어, 궁극적으로 새로운 삶의 양식을 구성하는 혁신으로 이어진다. 이러한 맥락에서 크로마틴 리모델링의 구조 이론은 오토포이에틱 상위성(supervenience)의 관점에서 이해되는 비환원적 물리주의의 형태로 해석될 수 있다.[13]
크로마틴 리모델링은 자기‑조직적 네트워크 내부에서 하향 인과성이 어떻게 출현할 수 있는지를 보여주며, 이를 통해 시스템이 의미 있는 세계를 산출하도록 한다. 이 관점은 보존된 핵심 과정, 촉진된 변이, 그리고 생의 출현성의 조절 구조 사이의 역동적 상호작용을 강조하며, 의미와 기능이 순환적이고 체화된 상호작용을 통해 발생함을 보여준다. 이는 네트워크의 각 구성 요소가 상호작용의 장 속에서 능동적으로 참여함으로써 하향 인과성과 상위성에 대한 총체적 이해를 형성한다.

 

Epigenetic Ethics and the Anthropocene

As discussed, epigenetics examines how chemical modifications to histone proteins and DNA influence gene expression and cellular function, providing a crucial interface between genetic inheritance and social‑environmental factors.

Nucleosomes are connected by stretches of linker DNA, often described as a “beads‑on‑a‑string” configuration, which is further compacted into higher‑order structures known as chromatin. Each of the eight core histones possesses a short “tail” that protrudes from the nucleosome and remains accessible to histone‑modifying enzymes within the nucleus.

Chemical functional groups can be added to specific amino acids on histone tails, thereby influencing chromatin architecture and gene activity. These modifications regulate how tightly DNA is packaged and how accessible it is to transcriptional machinery. Beyond nucleosome manipulation for DNA packing and unpacking—such as sliding, eviction, and histone exchange via chromatin‑remodeling complexes—covalent histone modifications occur when enzymes add or remove chemical tags (e.g., acetyl, methyl, or phosphate groups) to histone tails.

 

          Phosphorylation of histone tails can activate, elongate, or inhibit transcription. It modulates the activity of RNA polymerase II (responsible for transcribing messenger RNA), alters chromatin structure, and affects the binding of transcription factors.

          Acetylation is typically associated with increased gene expression. It relaxes the chromatin structure, making DNA more accessible to transcription factors and RNA polymerase, thereby enhancing the probability of transcription initiation.

          Methylation refers to an epigenetic process in which methyl groups are added to DNA, typically resulting in gene silencing by making the DNA less accessible for transcription. Depending on the specific location and context, methylation can either promote gene expression within the gene body or repress it at gene promoters—especially when occurring on histone tails.

In addition to histone modifications, DNA itself can undergo chemical changes, most commonly through methylation, in which a methyl group is added directly to the DNA. This process further modulates gene expression by silencing or reducing transcriptional activity. Such epigenetic marks play a crucial role in regulating cellular identity, guiding developmental pathways, and shaping responses to environmental stimuli.[14]

 

후성유전적 윤리와 인류세(Anthropocene)

앞서 논의했듯이, 후성유전학은 히스톤 단백질과 DNA에 가해지는 화학적 변형이 유전자 발현과 세포 기능에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 탐구하며, 유전적 유산과 사회‑환경적 요인 사이를 매개하는 핵심적 접면을 제공한다.
뉴클레오솜은 연결 DNA(linker DNA) 구간에 의해 서로 연결되어 있으며, 흔히 “구슬이 꿰어진 실(beads‑on‑a‑string)” 구조로 묘사된다. 이 구조는 더 높은 차원의 크로마틴으로 압축된다. 여덟 개의 핵심 히스톤 각각은 뉴클레오솜에서 돌출된 짧은 “꼬리”를 가지고 있으며, 이는 핵 내에서 히스톤 변형 효소들이 접근할 수 있는 상태로 남아 있다.
화학적 작용기(chemical functional groups)는 히스톤 꼬리의 특정 아미노산에 부착될 수 있으며, 이를 통해 크로마틴 구조와 유전자 활성에 영향을 미친다. 이러한 변형은 DNA가 얼마나 조밀하게 포장되는지, 그리고 전사 기계(transcriptional machinery)에 얼마나 접근 가능한지를 조절한다. 크로마틴 리모델링 복합체에 의한 뉴클레오솜의 이동, 제거, 히스톤 교환 등 DNA 포장·해포장 과정 외에도, 공유적 히스톤 변형은 효소가 히스톤 꼬리에 아세틸기, 메틸기, 인산기 등의 화학 표지를 추가하거나 제거할 때 발생한다.
● 히스톤 인산화(Phosphorylation)
히스톤 꼬리의 인산화는 전사를 활성화하거나 연장하거나 억제할 수 있다. 이는 메신저 RNA를 전사하는 RNA 중합효소 II의 활성을 조절하고, 크로마틴 구조를 변화시키며, 전사 인자의 결합에 영향을 미친다.
● 히스톤 아세틸화(Acetylation)
아세틸화는 일반적으로 유전자 발현 증가와 연관된다. 이는 크로마틴 구조를 느슨하게 하여 DNA가 전사 인자와 RNA 중합효소에 더 쉽게 접근하도록 만들고, 전사 개시 가능성을 높인다.
● 메틸화(Methylation)
메틸화는 메틸기가 DNA에 추가되는 후성유전 과정으로, 일반적으로 DNA를 전사에 덜 접근 가능하게 만들어 유전자 침묵을 유도한다. 그러나 위치와 맥락에 따라, 메틸화는 유전자 몸체(gene body)에서는 발현을 촉진할 수도 있고, 특히 히스톤 꼬리에서 발생할 경우 프로모터 영역에서는 발현을 억제할 수도 있다.
히스톤 변형 외에도 DNA 자체도 화학적 변형을 겪을 수 있으며, 가장 흔한 형태는 DNA에 직접 메틸기가 부착되는 DNA 메틸화이다. 이 과정은 전사 활동을 침묵시키거나 감소시킴으로써 유전자 발현을 추가적으로 조절한다. 이러한 후성유전적 표지는 세포 정체성을 규정하고, 발달 경로를 안내하며, 환경 자극에 대한 반응을 형성하는 데 중요한 역할을 한다.[14]

 

Neuroepigenetics and Transgenerational Effects

Methylation is influenced by environmental factors such as toxins, pollutants, diet, chronic stress, and disease. Importantly, epigenetic marks on DNA and histones can be copied and transmitted from parent to daughter cells, enabling transgenerational effects. In the study of neuroepigenetics, environmental factors can trigger epigenetic changes in the brain—particularly in dendrites, which branch like trees to receive signals from other neurons. Nuclear epigenomic marks are especially significant for influencing and controlling synapse‑specific plasticity, serving as key mechanisms in the modulation of memory and learning.[15]

I view many epigenetic studies as essential components of conserved core processes, reflecting lived experience through the restructuring of epigenetic self-referential mechanisms across a broader spectrum for sympoesis, making-with other entities for co-constitution between self reference and other reference, countering the human centered view, since Earth system is interactive with human system in the history of evolution, making with us for bringing forth a meaningful form of life.      

 

Epigenetic Ethics and Intergenerational Responsibility

This raises important questions about intergenerational responsibility, suggesting that epigenetic changes may be heritable—extending the ethical and biological implications of human actions to future generations. Such a perspective implies a forward‑looking collective responsibility through the framework of epigenetic ethics, particularly in the Anthropocene, an era defined by human impact on Earth’s climate, ecosystems, and geology.

These impacts are causing widespread epigenetic modifications in plants, animals, and humans. Climate change at the macro‑level (global environmental shifts) can act as stressors that trigger epigenetic responses in organisms, with direct consequences at the micro‑level of cellular and genetic regulation.

If human society is understood as a “non‑trivial” autopoietic system, it produces itself through communication, media, biopolitics, technology, and functional differentiation within dynamic input–output relationships that unfold in indeterministic and unpredictable ways. This sociotechnical construction of reality has intensified environmental impacts, contributing to the crises of the Anthropocene.

Given this, I propose a redefinition of autopoiesis as a form of self‑referential recycling within the chromatin regulatory structure—an interface that interacts with other referential activities, particularly those embedded in the socio‑ecological complexity of epigenetic methylation. From an epigenetic perspective, organisms “lay down a path in walking”: their development is both embodied and enacted through continuous interaction with environmental influences.[16]

Within this framework, autopoietic self‑referential circularity becomes central to structural coupling across evolutionary history—particularly in the context of punctuated equilibrium theory, which emphasizes conserved core processes (deep structures) and facilitated variation as mechanisms that enhance evolvability and diversification. These mechanisms generate bursts of innovation that give rise to new forms of life at higher levels of organization.

This perspective underpins the co‑constitution of organism and environment, enabling the emergence of a meaningful world at the intersection of biological, sociocultural, and ecological domains.

 

신경후성유전학과 세대 간 영향
메틸화는 독성 물질, 오염, 식단, 만성 스트레스, 질병과 같은 환경 요인에 의해 영향을 받는다. 중요한 점은 DNA와 히스톤에 남겨진 후성유전적 표지가 부모 세포에서 딸 세포로 복제되어 전달될 수 있다는 점이며, 이는 세대 간 효과를 가능하게 한다. 신경후성유전학 연구에서 환경 요인은 특히 다른 뉴런으로부터 신호를 수용하는 나뭇가지 형태의 수상돌기(dendrite)에서 후성유전적 변화를 유발할 수 있다. 핵 수준의 후성유전체 표지는 시냅스 특이적 가소성에 영향을 미치고 이를 조절하는 데 결정적이며, 기억과 학습을 조절하는 핵심 기제로 작용한다.[15]
나는 많은 후성유전학 연구가 보존된 핵심 과정(conserved core processes)의 필수 구성 요소로 본다. 이는 더 넓은 스펙트럼에서 후성유전적 자기준거 메커니즘의 재구조화를 통해 살아 있는 경험을 반영하며, 자기준거성과 타자준거성의 공동 구성(co‑constitution)을 가능하게 하는 심포이에시스(sympoiesis)—다른 존재들과 ‘함께‑만들기’—의 과정으로 이해될 수 있다. 이는 인간 중심적 관점을 넘어, 지구 시스템이 진화의 역사 속에서 인간 시스템과 상호작용하며 우리와 함께 의미 있는 삶의 형태를 산출한다는 점을 보여준다.

후성유전학적 윤리와 세대 간 책임
이러한 관점은 세대 간 책임에 대한 중요한 질문을 제기한다. 후성유전적 변화가 유전될 수 있다는 점은 인간의 행위가 미래 세대에까지 생물학적·윤리적 함의를 확장시킨다는 것을 의미한다. 이는 특히 인류세(Anthropocene)—인간 활동이 지구의 기후, 생태계, 지질에 결정적 영향을 미치는 시대—에서 후성유전학적 윤리(epigenetic ethics)를 통한 미래지향적 집단 책임을 요구한다.
이러한 영향은 식물, 동물, 인간에게 광범위한 후성유전적 변화를 일으키고 있다. 기후 변화와 같은 거시적 환경 변화는 스트레스 요인으로 작용하여 유기체의 후성유전적 반응을 유발하며, 이는 세포 및 유전적 조절이라는 미시적 수준에 직접적인 결과를 가져온다.
만약 인간 사회를 “비자명한(non‑trivial)” 자기생산적(autopoietic) 체계로 이해한다면, 사회는 소통, 미디어, 생명정치, 기술, 기능적 분화 등을 통해 스스로를 생산하며, 이러한 입력–출력 관계는 비결정적이고 예측 불가능한 방식으로 전개된다. 이러한 사회기술적 현실 구성은 환경적 영향을 더욱 심화시키며 인류세의 위기를 가속화해 왔다.

 

Autopoietic Interface and Epigenetic Ontology

Given the architecture of chromatin remodeling, the organization of living systems operates as a self‑referential circularity: a deep structure of conserved core processes embedded within networks of metabolic linkages and pathways that facilitate variation. This system engages with its environment through structural coupling and responds dynamically to socio‑ecological factors, forming a bio‑sociological and ethically responsive regime.

A bio‑sociological analysis of society, culture, and ecology thus foregrounds autopoietic being through an epigenetic ontology—situated at the interface between biological life and sociocultural stratification. It characterizes the biopolitical temporality of the epigenetic turn as one marked by ethical responsibility and a commitment to justice for the planetary common good.

Recent scientific research conducted in June by Elodie Freymann and colleagues revealed that our great ape cousins—such as chimpanzees in the Budongo Central Forest Reserve in Uganda—consume plants and herbs outside their typical diet. Remarkably, 88% of the plant extracts tested inhibited bacterial growth, while 33% exhibited anti‑inflammatory properties. This behavior underscores the importance of dietary diversity in meeting nutritional and medicinal needs, demonstrating how wild chimpanzees maintain their wellbeing through selective plant consumption.[17]

  

Epigenetics, Biopower, and Human Evolution

A holistic view of human evolution reveals the genetic diversity and neuroplasticity of our hominin ancestors, underscoring the importance of epigenetic factors and nutrient sources in shaping the dynamic interactions between organisms and their environments.

In a sociopolitical context, epigenetic factors are mobilized within a politics of biopower, which operates through governmentality to control and manage populations and public health across intersecting lines of race, gender, and social stratification. Governance is enacted through the regulation of biological life and socioeconomic conditions, reinforcing structural inequalities while simultaneously shaping the embodied experiences of individuals and communities.

Michel Foucault argued that the body came to be understood as imbued with the mechanics of life—serving as the foundation for biological processes and becoming subject to a wide range of interventions and regulatory controls. These include measures related to reproduction, birth and mortality rates, public health, life expectancy, and longevity—what Foucault terms the biopolitics of the population.[18]

Biological life interfaces with the socio‑ecological constellation. Biopolitics and epigenetics intersect by examining how state power and sociocultural structures manage and regulate life, while epigenetic insights into the lived histories of marginalized and foreclosed populations illuminate the mechanisms through which biopolitical systems operate.

However, unlike Foucault’s formulation, biopower does not necessarily equate to state power or the unilateral imposition of violence upon the human body. Instead, it calls for a bio‑sociological analysis of the epigenetic domain and sociocultural stratification—an approach that informs public policy aimed at improving the lives of those exposed to vulnerability and systemic inequality.

 

자기생산적 인터페이스와 후성유전적 존재론
염색질 재구성(chromatin remodeling)의 구조를 고려할 때, 생명 시스템의 조직은 자기준거적 순환성으로 작동한다. 이는 변이를 촉진하는 대사적 연결망과 경로 속에 내재된 보존된 핵심 과정(conserved core processes)의 심층 구조로 이루어져 있다. 이러한 체계는 구조적 결합(structural coupling)을 통해 환경과 상호작용하며, 사회‑생태적 요인에 역동적으로 반응함으로써 생물‑사회학적이며 윤리적으로 응답하는 체제를 형성한다.
따라서 사회, 문화, 생태에 대한 생물‑사회학적 분석은 생물학적 삶과 사회문화적 층위가 만나는 인터페이스에서 후성유전적 존재론(epigenetic ontology)을 통해 자기생산적 존재를 전면에 드러낸다. 이는 후성유전적 전환의 생명정치적 시간성(biopolitical temporality)을 윤리적 책임과 지구적 공동선을 향한 정의의 실천으로 특징짓는다.
최근 엘로디 프라이만(Elodie Freymann)과 동료들이 6월에 수행한 연구는 우간다 부동고 중앙삼림보호구역(Budongo Central Forest Reserve)의 침팬지와 같은 유인원들이 평소 식단에 포함되지 않는 식물과 약초를 섭취한다는 사실을 밝혀냈다. 놀랍게도 실험된 식물 추출물의 88%는 박테리아 성장을 억제했고, 33%는 항염증 효과를 보였다. 이러한 행동은 영양 및 약리적 필요를 충족하기 위한 식단 다양성의 중요성을 보여주며, 야생 침팬지들이 선택적 식물 섭취를 통해 건강을 유지한다는 점을 입증한다.[17]

후성유전학, 생명권력, 그리고 인간 진화
인간 진화에 대한 총체적 관점은 초기 호미닌(hominin) 조상들의 유전적 다양성과 신경가소성을 드러내며, 유기체와 환경 사이의 역동적 상호작용을 형성하는 데 후성유전적 요인과 영양원이 얼마나 중요한지를 보여준다.
사회정치적 맥락에서 후성유전적 요인은 생명권력(biopower)의 정치 속에서 동원되며, 이는 통치성(governmentality)을 통해 인구와 공중보건을 인종, 젠더, 사회적 층위가 교차하는 지점에서 관리하고 통제한다. 통치는 생물학적 삶과 사회경제적 조건의 규제를 통해 수행되며, 구조적 불평등을 강화하는 동시에 개인과 공동체의 체화된 경험을 형성한다.
미셸 푸코는 신체가 생명의 기계적 작동을 내포한 것으로 이해되기 시작했으며, 그 결과 생물학적 과정의 기반이자 다양한 개입과 규제의 대상이 되었다고 주장한다. 여기에는 출산, 출생 및 사망률, 공중보건, 기대수명, 장수 등 인구의 생명정치(biopolitics of the population)에 해당하는 요소들이 포함된다.[18]
생물학적 삶은 사회‑생태적 구성체와 접면을 이룬다. 생명정치와 후성유전학은 국가 권력과 사회문화적 구조가 삶을 어떻게 관리하고 규제하는지를 탐구하는 지점에서 교차하며, 동시에 주변화되거나 배제된 집단의 체화된 역사에 대한 후성유전적 통찰은 생명정치적 체제가 작동하는 메커니즘을 드러낸다.
그러나 푸코의 개념과 달리, 생명권력이 반드시 국가 권력이나 신체에 대한 일방적 폭력 행사와 동일한 것은 아니다. 오히려 생명권력은 후성유전적 영역과 사회문화적 층위에 대한 생물‑사회학적 분석을 요구하며, 이는 취약성과 구조적 불평등에 노출된 이들의 삶을 개선하기 위한 공공정책을 형성하는 데 기여한다.

 

Excursus: Critical Dialogue with Process Philosophy

My structural theory of autopoiesis examines a central tension within Whiteheadian process philosophy: the claim that causal efficacy—the felt inheritance of past actual occasions—constitutes the primordial mode of experience. While this concept grounds Whitehead’s attempt to overcome subject–object dualism and to secure a relational realism, it becomes increasingly difficult to sustain when confronted with contemporary biological and phenomenological accounts of complexity, self-reference, and embodied meaning.

Whitehead distinguishes between causal efficacy and conceptual prehension within the broader mode of presentational immediacy. In the mode of causal efficacy, he refers to the direct perception of antecedent actual occasions as exerting causal influence—both upon the percipient subject and upon the relevant events within the presented locus.[19]

Causal efficacy thus names the pre‑reflective “feeling” of past actual occasions or entities—the world’s immediate, physically felt influence on the becoming subject. Presentational immediacy denotes the clarified, spatialized sense-perception characteristic of complex organisms. Actual entities are drops of experience, complex and interdependence the final real things of which the world is made up. The notion of substance is transformed into that of actual entities. There is no “going behind” actual entities to find anything more real. Thus, God is himself an actual entity—a primordial creature—while God’s consequent nature arises from his physical prehensions of derivative actual entities.[20]

Whitehead’s metaphysical claim is that presentational immediacy is derivative: sensory perception emerges from the deeper, more primitive mode of causal efficacy rather than current interaction with the other reference or environment. This hierarchy allows him to argue that experience is fundamentally relational, that the world is directly felt, and that subject–object dualism is dissolved at the level of ontological becoming. The ontological principle reads: “no actual entities, then no reason.”[21] 

However, contemporary molecular biology challenges the linear model of inheritance presupposed by Whitehead’s account. In the canonical example of DNA–RNA transcription, causation is not a simple transmission from a past actual occasion (DNA) to a present one (RNA). Instead, gene expression is modulated by: histone proteins, chromatin remodeling complexes, epigenetic markers, RNA interference, and multi-directional feedback loops

These mechanisms show that biological causation is distributed, recursive, and context‑dependent rather than a unidirectional flow from past to present. In living systems, the “past” is not inherited as a fixed datum; it is continually reconfigured through regulatory processes such as diversification, co‑constitution, and contingency

A central idea in process philosophy is the account of how every entity feels or grasps (prehends) the past in order to constitute the present, functioning as a universal mode of feeling that forms the very fabric of change and reality. A prehension reproduces within itself the general characteristics of an actual entity, involving emotion, purpose, valuation, and causation. Each characteristic of an actual entity is taken up in a prehension in its subjective form, which is determined by the entity’s subjective aim toward further integration, culminating in the satisfaction of the completed subject (as final causation). [22]

This dynamic applies from electrons to human beings, generating novelty through the selective integration of past influences. Thus, Whitehead’s model of causal efficacy—understood as the direct feeling of past realities—fails to account for the multilayered, self‑modifying dynamics through which living systems bring forth life. Processes such as chromatin remodeling, self‑reference, networked interaction, and feedback loops operate in indeterministic ways that cannot be reduced to a simple transmission of the past into the present.

A structural theory of autopoiesis, when applied within a cultural‑narrative framework, interrogates the Eurocentric assumptions embedded in Whitehead’s civilizational account shaped by British imperialism. This becomes especially evident in Adventures of Ideas, where Whitehead’s evolutionary metaphors—“growth,” “generality,” “progress,” and the “arrival of the fittest”—retain residues of nineteenth‑century historicism and Social Darwinism. His treatment of Carthage, for instance, reproduces colonial tropes of the “noble but savage” Other even as he praises their achievements, thereby raising suspicion about the universalizing claims of process metaphysics.

Following Plato’s Greek‑centric speculation and myth in Republic (Book 6)—a narrative shaped more by cultural prejudice than by historical accuracy—Whitehead argues that the Carthaginians sacrificed their children to Moloch as an act of religious propitiation—an example he interprets as inherited brutalities of instinctive behavior. The growth in generality of understanding makes such savagery impossible in corresponding civilizations to-day.” (Whitehead, Adventures of Ideas, Penguin, 1948, 36).

Given this dangerous exposure, concepts such as prehension, concrescence, and the creative advance risk functioning as a metaphysical metanarrative that absorbs cultural difference into a single Eurocentric framework, thereby obscuring the asymmetries of power, violence, and colonial domination that shape actual historical processes.

The autopoietic framework developed by Maturana and Varela further complicates Whitehead’s account. Autopoietic systems are operationally closed: they do not passively receive causal influences from the environment but respond according to their own structural couplings.

The organism does not “feel” the causal pressure of the world; rather, it “enacts” a world through its own organization and its ongoing interactions with the environment. This view directly contradicts Whitehead’s assumption that causal efficacy is the primordial mode of experience. If living systems are structurally self-referential and environmentally mediated only through their own organization, then causal efficacy cannot be understood as a direct inheritance of past actualities. The metaphysical continuity Whitehead posits between the world’s causal influence and subjective experience becomes untenable.

Process philosophy also encounters difficulty when addressing the emergence of meaning, intentionality, and lifeworld formation. Whitehead’s cosmological naturalism treats meaning as inherent in the universe and generated through the creative advance of nature. Yet contemporary phenomenology and enactive cognitive science emphasize: embodied intentionality, developmental plasticity in the organism’s life, cultural and ecological embeddedness, the historical cultural emergence of meaning, and the lifeworld as enacted rather than inherited.

From this perspective, meaning is not a cosmological given but an emergent achievement of embodied agents. Whitehead’s metaphysical creativity risks flattening the phenomenological richness of lived experience by subsuming it under a universal process of becoming. The critique presented here does not reject process philosophy outright. Rather, it calls for a post-Whiteheadian revision that integrates: (1) Biological realism acknowledging distributed, recursive, and epigenetically modulated causation. (2) Autopoietic self-reference recognizing that living systems enact rather than inherit their worlds. (3) Phenomenological embodiment situating meaning within lived, intentional, and culturally mediated experience.

Such a synthesis would preserve Whitehead’s insight into the relational and processual nature of reality while avoiding the metaphysical oversimplifications that arise when causal efficacy is treated as a universal experiential mode.

 

보론: 과정철학과의 비판적 대화
내가 제시하는 자기생산(autopoiesis)의 구조적 이론은 화이트헤드 과정철학 내부의 핵심 긴장을 검토한다. 즉, 인과적 효력(causal efficacy)—과거의 실제적 계기(actual occasions)가 느껴지는 상속—이 경험의 원초적 양식이라는 주장이다. 이 개념은 화이트헤드가 주체–객체 이원론을 극복하고 관계적 실재론을 확보하려는 시도를 뒷받침하지만, 현대 생물학과 현상학이 제시하는 복잡성, 자기준거성, 체화된 의미에 대한 설명과 마주할 때 유지하기 어려워진다.
화이트헤드는 인과적 효력과 개념적 포섭(conceptual prehension)을 보다 넓은 현재적 직접성(presentational immediacy)의 양식 안에서 구분한다. 인과적 효력의 양식에서 그는 선행하는 실제적 계기가 지각 주체와 제시된 장소의 관련 사건들에 인과적 영향을 미치는 직접적 지각을 말한다.[19]
따라서 인과적 효력은 과거의 실제적 계기나 존재자에 대한 전반사적(pre‑reflective) “느낌”—세계가 생성 중인 주체에게 미치는 즉각적이고 물리적으로 체감되는 영향—을 가리킨다. 현재적 직접성은 복잡한 유기체에서 나타나는 명료하고 공간화된 감각지각을 의미한다. 실제적 존재(actual entities)는 경험의 방울(drops of experience)이며, 상호의존적이고 복합적인 세계의 최종적 실재이다. 실체(substance)의 개념은 실제적 존재의 개념으로 전환된다. 실제적 존재보다 더 실재적인 것을 찾기 위해 “그 뒤로 돌아가는” 일은 없다. 따라서 하나님 역시 실제적 존재—원초적 피조물—이며, 하나님의 결과적 본성(consequent nature)은 파생적 실제적 존재들에 대한 물리적 포섭에서 발생한다.[20]
화이트헤드의 형이상학적 주장은 현재적 직접성이 파생적이라는 것이다. 즉, 감각지각은 타자준거성이나 환경과의 현재적 상호작용이 아니라 더 깊고 원초적인 인과적 효력의 양식에서 발생한다. 이러한 위계는 경험이 근본적으로 관계적이며, 세계가 직접적으로 느껴지고, 주체–객체 이원론이 존재론적 생성의 수준에서 해소된다는 주장을 가능하게 한다. 존재론적 원리는 “실제적 존재가 없다면, 이유도 없다”는 명제로 표현된다.[21]
그러나 현대 분자생물학은 화이트헤드의 설명이 전제하는 선형적 상속 모델을 문제시한다. DNA–RNA 전사라는 고전적 예에서 인과는 과거의 실제적 계기(DNA)에서 현재의 계기(RNA)로 단순히 전달되는 것이 아니다. 유전자 발현은 히스톤 단백질, 염색질 재구성 복합체, 후성유전적 표지, RNA 간섭, 다방향적 피드백 루프에 의해 조절된다.
이러한 메커니즘은 생물학적 인과가 단방향적 흐름이 아니라 분산적이고 재귀적이며 맥락 의존적임을 보여준다. 살아 있는 체계에서 “과거”는 고정된 데이터로 상속되는 것이 아니라 다양화, 공구성, 우발성 같은 조절 과정 속에서 지속적으로 재구성된다.
과정철학의 핵심 개념 중 하나는 모든 존재가 과거를 ‘느끼거나 파악(prehend)’하여 현재를 구성한다는 설명이다. 포섭은 실제적 존재의 일반적 특성을 재현하며, 감정, 목적, 가치평가, 인과성을 포함한다. 실제적 존재의 각 특성은 주체적 목표(subjective aim)에 의해 규정되는 주체적 형식으로 포섭되며, 이는 통합을 향해 나아가고 완성된 주체의 만족(satisfaction)에서 절정에 이른다.[22]
이 역동성은 전자에서 인간에 이르기까지 적용되며, 과거 영향의 선택적 통합을 통해 새로움을 생성한다. 따라서 화이트헤드의 인과적 효력 모델—과거 현실의 직접적 느낌으로 이해되는—은 살아 있는 체계가 생명을 산출하는 다층적이고 자기수정적인 역동성을 설명하지 못한다. 염색질 재구성, 자기준거성, 네트워크 상호작용, 피드백 루프와 같은 과정은 과거에서 현재로의 단순한 전달로 환원될 수 없는 비결정적 방식으로 작동한다.

자기생산(autopoiesis)의 구조 이론은 문화‑서사적 틀 안에서 적용될 때, 영국 제국주의에 의해 형성된 화이트헤드의 문명 서사에 내재한 유럽중심주의적 전제를 비판적으로 검토한다. 이러한 문제는 특히 <Adventures of Ideas>에서 두드러지는데, 여기서 화이트헤드의 진화적 은유들—“성장,” “일반성,” “진보,” “적합한 자의 도래(arrival of the fittest)”—는 19세기 역사주의와 사회진화론의 잔재를 그대로 간직하고 있다. 그의 카르타고에 대한 논의는 그들의 성취를 인정하면서도 동시에 “고귀하지만 야만적인(noble but savage)” 타자라는 식민주의적 전형을 재생산하며, 그 결과 과정철학의 보편주의적 주장에 대한 의심을 불러일으킨다.
플라톤의 국가(Republic) 6권에 나타나는 그리스 중심적 추측과 신화—역사적 정확성보다는 문화적 편견에 의해 형성된 서사—를 따라, 화이트헤드는 카르타고인들이 종교적 속죄 행위로 몰록(Moloch)에게 자녀를 제물로 바쳤다고 주장하며, 이를 본능적 행동의 잔존적 잔혹성으로 해석한다. 그는 “이해의 일반성이 성장함에 따라, 오늘날 이에 상응하는 문명에서는 이러한 야만성이 불가능해진다”고 말한다.
이러한 위험한 노출을 고려할 때, 포섭(prehension), 결합(concrescence), 창조적 진보(creative advance)와 같은 개념들은 문화적 차이를 단일한 유럽중심적 틀 속으로 흡수하는 형이상학적 메타서사로 기능할 위험이 있으며, 그 결과 실제 역사적 과정들을 형성해 온 권력, 폭력, 식민적 지배의 비대칭성을 가려버릴 수 있다.
마투라나와 바렐라가 발전시킨 자기생산 이론은 화이트헤드의 설명을 더욱 복잡하게 만든다. 자기생산적 체계는 작동적으로 폐쇄되어 있으며, 환경으로부터 인과적 영향을 수동적으로 받지 않고 자신들의 구조적 결합에 따라 반응한다.
유기체는 세계의 인과적 압력을 “느끼는” 것이 아니라, 자신의 조직과 환경과의 지속적 상호작용을 통해 세계를 “구성(enact)”한다. 이는 인과적 효력이 경험의 원초적 양식이라는 화이트헤드의 가정을 정면으로 반박한다. 만약 살아 있는 체계가 구조적으로 자기준거적이며 환경과의 접촉이 자신의 조직을 통해서만 매개된다면, 인과적 효력은 과거 실제성의 직접적 상속으로 이해될 수 없다. 화이트헤드가 세계의 인과적 영향과 주관적 경험 사이에 설정한 형이상학적 연속성은 유지될 수 없게 된다.
과정철학은 의미, 의도성, 생활세계의 형성 문제를 다룰 때도 어려움에 직면한다. 화이트헤드의 우주론적 자연주의는 의미를 우주에 내재한 것으로 보고 자연의 창조적 진보를 통해 생성된다고 본다. 그러나 현대 현상학과 실행적 인지과학은 체화된 의도성, 유기체 발달의 가소성, 문화적·생태적 내재성, 의미의 역사적·문화적 생성, 생활세계의 구성적 성격을 강조한다.
이 관점에서 의미는 우주론적 주어가 아니라 체화된 행위자들의 성취이다. 화이트헤드의 형이상학적 창조성은 보편적 생성 과정 아래에 현상학적 삶의 풍부함을 평탄화할 위험이 있다. 여기서 제시하는 비판은 과정철학을 전면적으로 거부하는 것이 아니다. 오히려 다음을 통합하는 포스트‑화이트헤드적 수정을 요구한다:
1.  생물학적 실재론 — 분산적·재귀적·후성유전적으로 조절되는 인과를 인정하기
2.  자기생산적 자기준거성 — 살아 있는 체계가 세계를 상속하는 것이 아니라 구성한다는 점을 인정하기
3.  현상학적 체화 — 의미를 체화된, 의도적, 문화적으로 매개된 경험 속에 위치시키기
이러한 종합은 현실의 관계적·과정적 성격에 대한 화이트헤드의 통찰을 보존하면서, 인과적 효력을 보편적 경험 양식으로 다룰 때 발생하는 형이상학적 단순화를 포스트콜로니얼 공공신학의 관점을 통해 피할 수 있게 한다.

 

Cognitive Freedom, Active Engagement, and Religious Experience

A living system engages in cognitive interaction through the neurons of the nervous system, which are shaped by internal reference structures such as dendrites, the cell body, and parts of the axon. The nervous system is a distributed network comprising the central nervous system—namely the brain and spinal cord—and the peripheral nervous system, which branches out from the central structures to form a communication network with the rest of the body.

The architecture of the nervous system is bounded by its self-referential organization and it is localized in terms of the organism’s interactive surfaces. This organization operates within a recursive circularity, emphasizing dynamic interaction and embodiment over against representational mapping.

Brain and mind cannot dispense with intersubjective embodied life via structural coupling with environment. Through the flesh of the world, one can perceive and understand the lived body—a body shared with the world itself. The visible body is imbued with an invisible life history, serving as the foundation for intersubjectivity, or intercorporeality. This carries theological significance: the Word made flesh, where the visible is infused with the invisible. We exist within humanity as part of the horizon of the lifeworld that surrounds us—a horizontal generality and a structure of meaning.[23] 

Theological epistemology cannot dispense with intercorporeality, especially in the divine assumption of human flesh, which mediates the relationship between consciousness and the mind/brain through the body as the site of cognition for the mystery of God.

In the correlation between noesis (perception) and noema (the regime of meaning), the world is inseparable from the subject, for the subject emerges as a project of the world in its unfolding quest for meaning. In this projection, the world is not reducible to the subject’s becoming or to its prehensive incorporation of the past into the present; rather, the world functions as a source of deep structure that orients and guides the subject in a forward‑looking manner.

The person, though not yet fully determined, is responsible, free, and ethical—engaged in the search for meaning, participating in discourse, and actively constructing the world around them. The metaphors, analogies, and parables that resonate with us are often laden with cultural values and expectations, woven into a spiritual and rational quest for meaning and world-making. This endeavor extends beyond the realm of science, requiring a cultural narrative infused with religious and philosophical discourse.

Given this framework, the concept of neurotheology—or theological phenomenology—becomes feasible when the analysis of brain and mind is integrated with embodiment and lifeworld. This correlation allows for a deeper understanding of how spiritual experience and cognition are mediated through the lived body, bridging neuroscience and theology in a meaningful dialogue.[24]

The embodied mind deepens religious and spiritual meditation, while the lifeworld enables the mind/brain to encounter the mystical through autopoietic selfhood—an experience of radical openness that transcends ordinary cognitive functions. This perspective offers a profound pathway for healing and transformation, not only for individual selves but also for society and culture. It underscores the power of the living Word of God to decolonize the nervous system from entrenched patterns of emotion, behavior, and thought—liberating us from oppression and dismantling systems of exclusion and marginalization.[25]

Furthermore, the phenomenological experience of religion—or the encounter with the ultimate reality of the wholly Other—offers profound insight into the diversity of religious experiences. These experiences, reconciled in Jesus Christ, become a medium through which the mystery of God can be heard and discerned within the context of comparative religions. This approach provides a rich, thick description of religious life across traditions, encompassing: The numinous experience of the Holy, transformative moments of existential reorientation, personal and communal narratives of faith, the courage to confront suffering and death, a sense of moral obligation and ethical responsibility, prophetic critiques of injustice, oppression, and systemic marginalization based on gender or race, encounters with order and creativity in the cosmos, interreligious recognition and dialogue, mystical experiences of unity and transcendence.[26]       

 

인지적 자유, 능동적 참여, 그리고 종교 경험
살아 있는 체계는 신경계의 뉴런을 통해 인지적 상호작용을 수행한다. 이러한 뉴런은 수상돌기(dendrites), 세포체, 축삭의 일부와 같은 내부 준거 구조에 의해 형성된다. 신경계는 뇌와 척수로 이루어진 중추신경계와, 중추 구조에서 뻗어나가 신체 전체와 소통망을 이루는 말초신경계로 구성된 분산적 네트워크이다.
신경계의 구조는 자기준거적 조직에 의해 경계 지어지며, 유기체의 상호작용 표면을 기준으로 국소화된다. 이 조직은 재귀적 순환성 속에서 작동하며, 표상적 지도화(representational mapping)보다 역동적 상호작용과 체화(embodiment)를 강조한다.
뇌와 마음은 환경과의 구조적 결합을 통해 이루어지는 상호주관적 체화된 삶을 떠날 수 없다. 세계의 살(flesh)을 통해 우리는 살아 있는 몸을 지각하고 이해할 수 있으며, 이 몸은 세계와 공유되는 몸이다. 가시적 몸은 보이지 않는 삶의 역사를 품고 있으며, 이는 상호주관성 혹은 상호체성(intercorporeality)의 기반이 된다. 이는 신학적으로도 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 말씀(로고스)이 육신이 되었다는 것은 가시적인 것이 비가시적인 것으로 충만해졌음을 의미한다. 우리는 인간성 안에서, 우리를 둘러싼 생활세계의 지평 속에서 존재한다. 이는 수평적 보편성과 의미의 구조를 형성한다.[23]
신학적 인식론은 상호체성을 배제할 수 없다. 특히 하나님의 성육신은 의식과 마음/뇌의 관계를 매개하며, 몸을 하나님의 신비를 인지하는 자리로 드러낸다.
노에시스(지각)와 노에마(의미의 체계)의 상관관계 속에서 세계는 주체와 분리될 수 없다. 주체는 의미를 향한 세계의 전개 과정 속에서 세계의 프로젝트로서 출현하기 때문이다. 이 투사 속에서 세계는 주체의 생성이나 과거를 현재로 포섭하는 과정으로 환원되지 않는다. 오히려 세계는 주체를 미래지향적으로 이끄는 심층 구조의 원천으로 기능한다.
아직 완전히 규정되지 않은 인간은 책임적이고 자유로우며 윤리적 존재로서 의미를 탐구하고 담론에 참여하며 세계를 능동적으로 구성한다. 우리가 공명하는 은유, 유비, 비유는 종종 문화적 가치와 기대를 담고 있으며, 의미와 세계 만들기를 향한 영적·이성적 탐구 속에 짜여 있다. 이러한 노력은 과학의 영역을 넘어, 종교적·철학적 담론이 스며든 문화적 내러티브를 요구한다.
이러한 틀에서 뇌와 마음의 분석이 체화와 생활세계와 통합될 때, 신경신학(neurotheology) 혹은 신학적 현상학의 개념은 가능해진다. 이 상관관계는 영적 경험과 인지가 어떻게 살아 있는 몸을 통해 매개되는지를 더 깊이 이해하게 하며, 신경과학과 신학 사이의 의미 있는 대화를 가능하게 한다.[24]
체화된 마음은 종교적·영적 명상을 심화시키며, 생활세계는 자기생산적 자아를 통해 마음/뇌가 신비적 차원을 만날 수 있게 한다. 이는 일상적 인지 기능을 넘어서는 급진적 개방성의 경험이다. 이러한 관점은 개인뿐 아니라 사회와 문화의 치유와 변혁을 위한 깊은 길을 제시한다. 이는 하나님의 살아 있는 말씀이 신경계에 각인된 감정·행동·사고의 고착된 패턴을 탈식민화하고, 억압으로부터 해방하며 배제와 주변화를 해체하는 능력을 강조한다.[25]
더 나아가 종교의 현상학적 경험—전적으로 타자인 궁극적 실재와의 만남—은 종교 경험의 다양성에 대한 깊은 통찰을 제공한다. 이러한 경험들은 예수 그리스도 안에서 화해되며, 비교종교의 맥락 속에서 하나님의 신비를 듣고 분별하는 매개가 된다. 이 접근은 전통을 가로지르는 종교적 삶에 대한 풍부하고 두터운 기술을 제공하며, 다음을 포함한다:
•  거룩한 것의 누미노제(numinous) 경험
•  실존적 재지향의 변혁적 순간
•  개인적·공동체적 신앙 서사
•  고통과 죽음을 직면하는 용기
•  도덕적 의무와 윤리적 책임
•  불의와 억압, 젠더·인종 기반의 주변화에 대한 예언자적 비판
•  우주 속 질서와 창조성에 대한 만남
•  종교 간 인식과 대화
•  일치와 초월의 신비적 경험[26]

 

Public Theology Agenda: Autopoietic Selfhood and Prolepsis

            History is not just a product of selection, determined by the external environment or competition; it is also about the deep structure and history of societies

. It includes their organizations, their capacity to adapt, their capacity to innovate, perhaps even their capacity to harbor cryptic variation and diversity.[27]

In the autopoietic discourse on language, variation and diversity, one observes punctuated innovations of language emerging after long periods of stasis—evolutionary leaps culminating in Homo sapiens. These innovations form the foundation for constructing a meaningful world through lived experience, intersubjective communication, artistic symbolic expression, and narrative creativity, all of which characterize the human self as an autopoietic living system imbued with proleptic reasoning and ethics.

Within the dialogue between science and religion, a public theology of science engages with models of interface, the significance of biopolitics, and co-constitution within a phenomenological, emergent framework. Public theology concerning divine action addresses the dimension of concursus Dei, involving the liberating Word of God attuned to the voice of the Spirit of life. God’s concursus with living beings and human communities is mediated through sociocultural realms and the ecological web of life.

A semantic realism grounds truth in the meaning‑constituting, intersubjective, and lifeworld‑embedded functioning of language across science and religion. It offers a post‑phenomenological, intertextual, and lifeworld‑oriented account of truth shaped by cultural narrative, systems theory, hermeneutics, and epigenetic or emergent models of knowledge. Truth is not primarily a matter of representational correspondence but arises from meaning, practice, and contextual intelligibility within the lifeworld. Language is relational and intercorporeal, operating through family resemblance, overlapping similarities, and forms of life. Science and religion co‑construct meaning through structural coupling, intertextuality, and shared socio‑ecological horizons. Semantic realism affirms truth, yet understands it as emergent, analogical, and context‑embedded rather than representational. Epistemology is thus lifeworld‑constituted, shaped by embodiment, ecology, and socio‑cultural systems. This epistemic stance offers valuable insight for refining a theory of divine action and concursus within broader cultural and ecological contexts.

In light of the politics of divine action, I propose the concept of embodied autopoiesis through proleptic intentionality along with collective looking forward responsibility, situated within the open horizon of the lifeworld and manifested in all conscious acts. This reinterpretation draws on the temporal structure of experience, shaped by protentionality and the anticipatory movement of prolepsis, which directs life toward emergent novelty and embodied practice. Proleptic intentionality captures this forward-looking dynamism, where living systems are shaped not only by past causes and actual occasions but also by future-directed sense-making.

A theory of biological history must encompass the dynamics of time and the structural features of organisms—key aspects of homeodynamic lifelines—that transcend simplistic dichotomies such as nature versus nurture, gene versus environment, and determinism versus freedom. A systems biology takes seriously the embeddedness of organisms in developmental, ecological, and social time, shifting toward a more holistic and dynamic understanding of living systems through the concept of homeodynamics with Earth in an age of Anthropocene toward co-creation. Organisms—and ecosystems—evolve, mature, and adapt through the arrow of time, shaped not by isolated genes but by developmental trajectories within relational networks and life histories.[28]

The concept of the embodied mind operates within the regime of meaning, public discourse, and under the horizon of the lifeworld—extending far beyond mere brain chemistry. It supervenes on the body, which engages the mind through enactive performance involving critical, creative, symbolic, narrative way of thinking.

The hermeneutic self is a narrative self, grounded in one’s social biography. Knowledge of the self is rooted in interpretation, and self-understanding is expressed through narrative, signs, and symbols—with the other serving as a privileged mediator of intersubjectivity and the ethics of empathy.

In theological terms, a structural theory of autopoiesis aligns with God’s concursus with living systems through ongoing creation in a reconciled world. This understanding of divine action offers a thick description of the Protestant classical theory of concursus Dei, particularly within the framework of the relative autonomy of creaturely life and an integrated theory of supervenience. It offers a contextual coherence theory for the science-religion dialogue, as it “steers a middle path between the Scylla of radical mind-body dualism and the Charybdis of reductive physicalism.”[29]

Public theology of divine action articulates how God supports and stimulates the self-creation of the universe, guiding the emergence of life at higher levels through grace, love, and freedom—all within the horizon of new creation, proleptic supervenience, and downward causation.

God is immanent within the life of process through divine concursus—not as a justification for victimhood or an endorsement of evil as something inevitably transmitted through the effective causality of the past, but as a transformative presence disclosed in the cross and resurrection. This divine presence awakens a prophetic praxis oriented toward the new heaven and new earth already emerging in our midst. God’s transcendence signifies God’s coming future, anticipated in Christ’s reconciliation of the world in the Easter event and analogously mirrored in the emergence of life within dissipative structures. The politics of divine action confronts and disrupts the impersonal forces that dominate human experience.

Our conscious selfhood integrates preconscious reality into the mental stream through reflection, liberating attention toward the regime of meaning via intentionality, embodiment, and anticipation. This perspective rejects both substance dualism and eliminative materialism, advocating instead for a hermeneutics of selfhood. Here, selfhood is not a static essence but a dynamic, evolving reality—continually reshaped through reflection, embodied experience, and anticipatory projection.

As Ted Peters observes in the context of postcolonial resistance, a theory of the narrative self turns away from meta-temporal, linear conceptions of time and universal history. His perspective frames the politics of prolepsis, where the narrative self—alongside cognitive liberty—paves the way for a postcolonial selfhood imbued with justice and oriented toward the common good, standing in opposition to collective egotism. This conception of selfhood views the individual not only as a historical being but also as an eschatological pivot, recognizing the ongoing interplay between personal identity, historical context, and future potential.[30]  

The autopoietic person is situated within a multi-level system shaped by organizations, innovations, and differentiations. Meaning arises from these distinctions and interactions—through self-reflection, linguistic articulation, and embodied engagement with others. To be human is to dwell in public language, coordinating behavior with others and co-creating a shared world in a responsible emancipatory manner.

If the human person, as a determining agent, affects the world, then a theological concept of freedom—as self-determinism through deliberation, decision, and action—presents the human being as an autopoietic, integrated existence shaped by intersubjectivity, responsible critique, and emancipation toward a solidarity ethic. In theological terms, human freedom is rooted in God’s freedom, expressed through love. God’s self-determination is embodied in Jesus Christ, who—through loving relationship and reconciliation—transforms the human person into God’s partner and collaborator.

The evolving selfhood possesses both history and narrative, characterizing the human being as a social-biological self—distinct from Cartesian dualism and neuroscientific determinism. This perspective affirms autopoietic selfhood and the politics of divine action against reality of impersonal forces in the epigenetic time of Anthropocene.

 

공공신학의 과제: 자기생산적 자아와 프로렙시스
저명한 하버드 의대 막 커슈너 교수와 버클리 대학의 생물학자 존 개하르트는 말한다: “역사는 단순히 외부 환경이나 경쟁에 의해 결정되는 선택의 산물이 아니다. 역사는 사회의 심층 구조와 역사, 그 조직, 적응 능력, 혁신 능력, 그리고 잠재적 변이와 다양성을 품을 수 있는 능력에 관한 것이기도 하다.”[27]
언어, 변이, 다양성에 관한 자기생산 담론에서 우리는 오랜 정체기 이후 언어의 단속적 혁신이 출현하는 것을 관찰할 수 있다. 이러한 진화적 도약은 호모 사피엔스의 등장으로 이어졌으며, 살아 있는 경험, 상호주관적 소통, 예술적 상징 표현, 서사적 창조성을 통해 의미 있는 세계를 구성하는 토대를 형성한다. 이는 인간 자아를 프로렙시스적 이성과 윤리를 지닌 자기생산적 생명체로 특징짓는다.
과학과 종교의 대화 속에서 과학의 공공신학은 인터페이스 모델, 생명정치의 중요성, 현상학적·발생적 틀 속의 공구성(co‑constitution)을 다룬다. 신적 행위에 관한 공공신학은 concursus Dei의 차원을 다루며, 이는 생명의 영의 음성에 조율된 해방의 말씀을 포함한다. 하나님의 concursus는 생명체와 인간 공동체와의 상호작용 속에서 사회문화적 영역과 생태적 생명망을 통해 매개된다.
의미론적 실재론(semantic realism)은 과학과 종교 전반에서 언어의 의미 구성적·상호주관적·생활세계 내재적 기능 속에서 진리를 정초한다. 이는 문화적 내러티브, 체계 이론, 해석학, 후성유전적·발생적 지식 모델에 의해 형성되는 탈현상학적·상호텍스트적·생활세계 지향적 진리 이해를 제공한다. 진리는 단순한 표상적 대응이 아니라, 생활세계 속에서 의미, 실천, 맥락적 이해 가능성에서 발생한다. 언어는 관계적이고 상호체적이며, 가족 유사성, 중첩된 유사성, 삶의 형식 속에서 작동한다. 과학과 종교는 구조적 결합, 상호텍스트성, 공유된 사회‑생태적 지평을 통해 의미를 공동 구성한다. 의미론적 실재론은 진리를 긍정하지만, 그것을 표상적이 아니라 발생적·유비적·맥락 내재적 진리로 이해한다. 인식론은 체화, 생태, 사회문화적 체계에 의해 형성되는 생활세계 구성적이다. 이러한 인식론은 신적 행위와 concursus 이론을 문화적·생태적 맥락 속에서 정교화하는 데 중요한 통찰을 제공한다.
신적 행위의 정치학을 고려할 때, 나는 프로렙시스적 의도성과 집단적 미래지향적 책임을 지닌 체화된 자기생산(embodied autopoiesis) 개념을 제안한다. 이는 생활세계의 열린 지평 속에 자리하며 모든 의식적 행위 속에 드러난다. 이 재해석은 경험의 시간 구조—프로텐션(protention)과 프로렙시스의 예기적 운동—에 기초하며, 이는 삶을 새로운 발생성과 체화된 실천을 향해 이끈다. 프로렙시스적 의도성은 살아 있는 체계가 과거 원인과 실제적 계기뿐 아니라 미래지향적 의미 구성에 의해 형성되는 역동성을 포착한다.
생물학적 역사의 이론은 시간의 역동성과 유기체의 구조적 특징—즉, 항상성(homeostasis)을 넘어선 호메오다이내믹스(homeodynamics)—을 포함해야 한다. 이는 자연/양육, 유전자/환경, 결정론/자유와 같은 단순한 이분법을 초월한다. 시스템 생물학은 유기체가 발달적·생태적·사회적 시간 속에 내재되어 있음을 진지하게 받아들이며, 인류세의 지구와의 호메오다이내믹스 속에서 보다 전체적이고 역동적인 생명 이해로 전환한다. 유기체와 생태계는 고립된 유전자가 아니라 관계적 네트워크와 삶의 역사 속 발달 궤적에 의해 형성되며, 시간의 화살 속에서 진화하고 성숙하며 적응한다.[28]
체화된 마음 개념은 의미 체계, 공적 담론, 생활세계의 지평 속에서 작동하며 단순한 뇌 화학을 넘어선다. 이는 비판적·창조적·상징적·서사적 사고를 포함하는 실행적 수행(enactive performance)을 통해 몸에 의존한다.
해석학적 자아는 서사적 자아이며, 사회적 전기(social biography)에 뿌리를 둔다. 자아 인식은 해석에 기반하며, 자기 이해는 서사·기호·상징을 통해 표현되며, 타자는 상호주관성과 공감의 윤리를 매개하는 특권적 존재가 된다.
신학적으로 자기생산의 구조 이론은 화해된 세계 속에서 지속되는 창조를 통해 생명체와 concursus 하시는 하나님과 조응한다. 이러한 신적 행위 이해는 피조물의 상대적 자율성과 통합적 상위발현(supervenience) 이론의 틀 안에서 고전적 개신교 concursus Dei 이론에 대한 두터운 기술을 제공한다. 이는 과학‑종교 대화를 위한 맥락적 정합성 이론을 제공하며, “급진적 심신 이원론의 스킬라와 환원적 물리주의의 카리브디스 사이의 중간 길을 인도한다.”[29]
신적 행위의 정치학인 공공신학은 하나님이 은총·사랑·자유를 통해 우주의 자기창조를 지지하고 자극하며, 더 높은 수준의 생명 출현을 인도하심을 진술한다. 이는 새 창조, 프로렙시스적 상위발현, 하향 인과성의 지평 속에서 이루어진다.
하나님은 신적 concursus를 통해 과정의 삶 속에 내재하시며, 이는 희생의 정당화나 과거의 인과적 효력에 의해 악이 필연적으로 전가된다는 주장과는 무관하다. 오히려 하나님은 십자가와 부활 속에서 드러나는 변혁적 현존으로 나타나며, 새 하늘과 새 땅을 향한 예언적 실천을 일깨운다. 하나님의 초월성은 오시는 미래를 의미하며, 이는 부활 사건 속에서 그리스도 안에서의 세계 화해로 예기되고, 소산 구조(dissipative structures) 속 생명의 출현에서 유비적으로 반영된다. 신적 행위의 정치학은 인간 경험을 지배하는 비인격적 힘들을 직면하고 교란한다.
우리의 의식적 자아는 반성(reflection)을 통해 전의식적 현실을 정신적 흐름 속에 통합하며, 의도성·체화·예기성을 통해 의미 체계로 향하는 주의를 해방한다. 이 관점은 실체 이원론과 제거적 물질주의를 모두 거부하며, 자아의 해석학을 지지한다. 여기서 자아는 고정된 본질이 아니라 반성, 체화된 경험, 예기적 투사를 통해 지속적으로 재형성되는 역동적·발생적 실재이다.
테드 피터스가 탈식민 저항의 맥락에서 지적하듯, 서사적 자아 이론은 초시간적·선형적 시간 개념과 보편사 개념에서 벗어난다. 그의 관점은 프로렙시스의 정치학을 구성하며, 서사적 자아와 인지적 자유는 집단적 자기중심주의에 맞서 정의와 공동선을 지향하는 탈식민적 자아를 가능하게 한다. 이러한 자아 개념은 개인을 단순한 역사적 존재가 아니라 미래 가능성과 역사적 맥락이 상호작용하는 종말론적 중심축으로 이해한다.[30]
자기생산적 인간은 조직, 혁신, 분화를 통해 형성되는 다층적 체계 속에 위치한다. 의미는 이러한 구별과 상호작용—자기반성, 언어적 표현, 타자와의 체화된 만남—을 통해 발생한다. 인간이 된다는 것은 공적 언어 속에 거하며, 타자와 행동을 조정하고, 책임적·해방적 방식으로 공유된 세계를 공동 창조하는 것이다.
만약 인간이 결정적 행위자로서 세계에 영향을 미친다면, 신학적 자유 개념—숙고·결정·행위를 통한 자기결정—은 인간을 상호주관성, 책임적 비판, 해방, 연대 윤리에 의해 형성되는 자기생산적 통합적 존재로 제시한다. 신학적으로 인간의 자유는 하나님의 자유에 뿌리를 두며, 이는 사랑을 통해 표현된다. 하나님의 자기결정은 예수 그리스도 안에서 체현되며, 그리스도는 사랑과 화해를 통해 인간을 하나님의 동반자이자 협력자로 변모시킨다.
발생적 자아는 역사와 서사를 지니며, 인간을 데카르트적 이원론이나 신경과학적 결정론과 구별되는 사회‑생태학적 자아로 특징짓는다. 이러한 관점은 인류세의 후성유전적 시간 속에서 비인격적 힘들에 맞서는 자기생산적 자아와 신적 행위의 정치학을 확증한다.



[1] Ryan McRae and Briana Pobiner, “Top Stories in Human Evolution of 2026,” PLOS SciComm, December 16, 2024.

[2] Leszek Konieczny, et al. Systems Biology: Functional Strategies of Living Organisms, 2nd ed.  (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2023), xii.

[3] Ilya Prigogine and Isabelle Stengers, Order Out of Chaos: Man’s New Dialogue with Nature (New York: Bantam, 1984), 12.

[4] Denis Nobel, The Music of Life: Biology Beyond the Genome (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 18.

[5] Edward O. Wilson, On Human Nature (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978), 167.

[6] Humberto R. Maturana and Francisco J. Valera, Autopiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living (London, England: D. Reidel, 1980), 11.

[7] Renato Paro, et al., Introduction to Epigenetics (Cham, Switzerland, Springer, 2021), 2.

[8] Ibid., 3.

[9] J. David Sweatt, “The Emerging Field of Neuroepigenetics,” Neuron 80, October 30 (2013). 624. [624-632]

[10] Kwang-Yeon Choi, et al. “Toward understanding the role of the neuron-specific BAF chromatin remodeling complex in memory formation,” Experimental & Molecular Medicine (2015) 47. 1-7. 

[11] Niklas Luhmann, Social Systems, trans. John Bednarz, Jr. and Dirk Baecker (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995), 18.

[12] Marx Kirschner and John C. Gerhart The Plausibility of Life: Resolving Darwin’s Dilemma (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), 45. 68.

[13] Niels H. Gregersen, “God’s Public Traffic: Holist versus Physicalist Supervenience,” in The Human Person in Science and Theology, ed. Niels H. Gregersen et al. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2000), 158.

[14] Dalton and Young, Fundamentals of Cell Biology, 77.

[15] Sweatt, “The Emerging Field of Neuroepigenetics,” 628-9.

[16] Kristien Hens, “Epigenetics, Bioethics and a Developmental Outlook on Life,” Epigenetics and Responsibility: Ethical Perspectives, Emma Moormann, et al. (Bristol, U.K.:  Bristol University Press, 2024), 25.

[17] Ryan McRae and Briana Pobiner, “Top Stories in Human Evolution of 2026.”

[18] Michelle Foucault, The History of Sexuality: An Introduction, vol.1, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage Books, 1978), 139.

[19]  Alfred N.  Whitehead, Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology (New York: The free Press, 1978), 169.

[20] Ibid., 18, 31.

[21] Ibid., 19.

[22] Ibid.

[23] Merleau-Ponty, The Visible and the Invisible, trans. Alphonso Lingis (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1968), 216. 237.   

[24] Eugene G. d’Aquili and Andrew B. Newberg, The Mystical Mind: Probing the Biology of Religious Experience (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1999), 3-19.

[25] Carmelo Santos-Rolon, A Liberation Theology of the Brain: Neuroscience, Theology, and Decolonizing Emotions (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2025).

[26] Ian G. Barbour, Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues, rev. and exp. ed. (New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 1990), 111. 141-157.

[27] Kirschner and Gerhart The Plausibility of Life, 264.

[28] Steven Rose, “Précis of Lifelines: Biology, freedom, determinism” Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999) 22:5, 871–921.

[29] Niels H. Gregersen, “God’s Public Traffic: Holist versus Physicalist Supervenience,” in The Human Person in Science and Theology, ed. Gregersen et al., 155.

[30] Ted Peters (2020), “The Struggle for Cognitive Liberty: Retrofitting the Self in Activist Theology,” Theology and Science, 18:3, 427-8. [410-437]